The Fourteenth Amendment and the Right To Keep and
Bear Arms: The Intent of the Framers
By Stephen P. Halbrook
[*]A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. --U.S. Const. amend. II.
... No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. --U.S. Const. amend. XIV, § 1.
If African Americans were citizens, observed Chief Justice Taney in
Dred Scott v. Sandford,
[1] "it would give to persons of the negro race ... the full liberty of speech ...; to hold public meetings upon political affairs,
and to keep and carry arms wherever they went."
[2] If this interpretation ignores that Articles I and II of the Bill of Rights designate the respective freedoms guaranteed therein to "the people" and not simply the citizens (much less a select group of orators or militia), contrariwise
Dred Scott followed antebellum judicial thought in recognizing keeping and bearing arms as an individual right
[3] protected from both federal and state infringement.
[4] The exception to this interpretation were cases holding that the Second Amendment only protected citizens
[5] from federal, not state,
[6] infringement of the right to keep and bear arms, to provide judicial approval of laws disarming black freemen and slaves.
Since the Fourteenth Amendment was meant to overrule
Dred Scott by extending individual constitutional rights to black Americans and by providing protection thereof against state infringement,
[7] the question arises whether the framers of Amendment XIV and related enforcement legislation recognized keeping and bearing arms as an individual right on which no state could infringe. The congressional intent in respect to the Fourteenth Amendment is revealed in the debates over both Amendments XIII and XIV as well as the Civil Rights Act of 1866, the Anti-KKK Act of 1871, and the Civil Rights Act of 1875. Given the unanimity of opinion concerning state regulation of privately held arms by the legislators who framed the Fourteenth Amendment and its enforcement legislation,
it is surprising that judicial opinions and scholarly articles fail to analyze the Reconstruction debates.
[8]